Implements the XH component using a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Susceptible (SEIS) compartmental model of human infection dynamics. This is an SEI model without lasting immunity: individuals return directly to susceptibility after clearing infection.

State Variables

H

total human (or host) population density

E

density of exposed (infected but not yet infectious) humans

I

density of infectious humans

Note: susceptible density \(S = H - E - I\).

Parameters

b

transmission probability from mosquito to human

c

transmission probability from human to mosquito

nu

rate of progression from exposed to infectious

r

clearance rate for infections

B

time-dependent birth rate function \(B(t, H)\)

D

linear operator (matrix) for mortality, migration, aging, and transfers

Dynamics

$$ \begin{array}{rl} dH/dt &= B(t,H) + D \cdot H \\ dE/dt &= hS - \nu E + D \cdot E \\ dI/dt &= \nu E - rI + D \cdot I \\ \end{array}$$ where \(h\) is the force of infection and \(S = H - E - I\).